Attached to the headstock are the tuners. Take a moment to look at the head of your guitar. Notice the direction in which the strings are wound on the peg. Turn the tuners a little and notice which direction makes the sound higher or lower. Notice where the heavier and lighter strings are. One day you'll break a string, or need to replace a set of strings, and you'll want to get it right.
The strings sit in grooves in the nut, which may be made of various materials. But generally on an acoustic guitar, it's the white strip at the end of the neck.
The frets are your friends. By "fret" we may refer either to the wire frets themselves, or to the spaces between them. Notice the fret markers. Many guitars have them at the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and other key locations on the fretboard. You may have a double marker at the 12th fret. There's a good reason for that. The 12th fret is a magic fret... more on that later.
Examine your guitar and notice differences and similarities between it and others you have seen. Pay close attention to the bridge, and to how the strings are attached to it, and how they interact with the saddle. The saddle is a strip of material similar to that of the nut, which functions as part of the bridge.
